Lactose free milk has the enzyme lactase added which breaks down the milk sugar lactose to galactose and glucose so it can be absorbed. So lactose free milk contains D-galactose. Ultra-filtered milk (like Fairlife), which is a different product than standard lactose free milk, has 65% of the lactose filtered out and then adds lactase to deal with the remaining lactose in the milk. So I would expect ultra-filtered milk to also contain some D-galactose. Remember, the study discussed found correlations and theorized it could relate to D-galactose but did not prove anything, which is an ongoing challenge with so much of the nutrition research. Thanks for your comment.

Thanks for your comment. Vitamin D intake was included in the study analysis so this should have been accounted for. I believe milk in Sweden is fortified with Vitamin D and that a few years ago there was talk of increasing the amount of Vitamin D fortification but I am not an expert in this area. The introduction section of the study mentions that milk is a source of Vitamin D. Here is link to study “Milk Intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies” BMJ 2014:39: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g6015

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